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알 수 없음 · 아직 확인되지 않음
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출처: CDL Manual — School Buses (§10)마지막 확인: 알 수 없음 · 아직 확인되지 않음
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Danger Zones and Use of Mirrors
The danger zone on all sides of the bus where children are in the most danger (up to 30 feet in front, 12 feet to the sides and rear, the first 12 feet in front the most dangerous), and the proper adjustment and use of the outside flat, convex, crossview, and overhead inside mirrors to monitor it and check for students.
Loading and Unloading
The most dangerous time — more students are killed getting on/off the bus than as passengers: approaching the stop, the amber-then-red light sequence and stop arm, stopping the bumper at least 10 feet from students, counting students, the crossing-escort rules (cross 10 feet in front where the driver can see), and the post-trip walk-through for sleeping or hiding children.
Emergency Exit and Evacuation
Deciding when to evacuate (in general keep students on the bus unless there is greater danger; mandatory evacuation for fire, a railroad crossing, shifting position, imminent crash, or a HazMat spill), securing the bus, the safe place (at least 100 feet off the road, upwind of fire, 300 feet upwind of a HazMat spill), and handling possible neck/spine injuries.
Railroad-Highway Crossings
Passive vs active crossings and their signs, the requirement that school buses stop at crossings: stop no closer than 15 feet and no farther than 50 feet from the nearest rail, turn off radios and silence passengers, open the service door and window, look and listen, cross in a low gear without changing gears, and what to do if the bus stalls on the tracks.
Student Management
Managing student behavior safely: concentrate on the driving task, never handle on-bus behavior problems while loading or unloading, pull over to a safe place off the road for a serious problem, speak firmly and respectfully, and never put a student off the bus except at school or their designated stop.
Anti-Lock Braking Systems
Antilock braking systems on school buses: required on air-brake vehicles built on/after March 1, 1998 (and hydraulic-braked vehicles 10,000+ lbs from March 1, 1999); the yellow ABS malfunction lamp; do not pump the brakes in an emergency on an ABS bus; and what ABS does and does NOT do (it helps you keep steering control, not necessarily shorten the stop).
Special Safety Considerations
Other safety items: roof-mounted strobe lights (used when visibility is 500 feet or less due to atmospheric conditions), driving in strong winds, and backing the bus — strongly discouraged, never when students are outside, use a lookout who does not direct the backing, and watch the up-to-3-foot tail swing.