This chapter covers defensive driving: how to prevent a crash, manage distractions and fatigue, keep a safe following distance, and handle hazards like wet roads, hydroplaning, and skids.
The most heavily tested material is the three-seconds-plus rule for following distance (increase it in bad weather), how hydroplaning happens at higher speeds on wet roads, and how to react correctly to a skid without over-steering.
A common mistake is pumping the brakes on a vehicle with anti-lock brakes (ABS) — with ABS, the driver should apply steady pressure instead, since pumping is only correct for older conventional brake systems.
What is the 'three-seconds-plus rule'?⌄
Pick a fixed point ahead, like a sign, and start counting when the vehicle in front passes it. If at least three seconds pass before you reach that same point, you're keeping a safe following distance — increase the count to four or more seconds in bad weather.
What causes hydroplaning and how can I avoid it?⌄
Hydroplaning happens when tires ride up on a film of water on a wet road, and it can start around 35 mph — the risk grows as speed increases. Avoid it by not driving on worn tires and slowing down when there's heavy rain or standing water.
What should I do if my vehicle starts to skid?⌄
Take your foot off the gas, look and steer in the direction you want the vehicle to go, and avoid over-steering, which can cause a spin. Straighten the wheels once you feel the vehicle come back under control.